Physicists Create Crystals That Are Nearly Alive

 The best way to understand something--such as life--is to build it yourself. That's why, determined to understand the way groups move, a team of New York University physicists set out to create particles that could imitate the way flocks of birds, schools of fish and even colonies of bacteria organize and move together.
What they ended up with, described in Science magazine yesterday, were two-dimensional "living crystals" that form, break, explode and re-form themselves elsewhere.
The researchers developed self-propelled particles that would turn on in response to blue light. When the light is on, the randomly swimming particles collide and cluster. A chemical reaction set off by the light causes the particles to crystalize. When the light turns off, the particles stop and split apart.
The crystals have metabolism and mobility, two of the general requirements for classifying something as life, according to Paul Chaikin, one of the paper's authors, but they lack the ability to reproduce. By one count, there are a total of seven requirements that an organism should exhibit to be considered life.
“Here we show that with a simple, synthetic active system, we can reproduce some features of living systems,” lead author Jeremie Palacci told Wired. “I do not think this makes our systems alive, but it stresses the fact that the limit between the two is somewhat arbitrary.”
Palacci and Chaikin are now working on a particle that has a metabolism and can self-replicate, but lacks mobility.